Cyclic ADP-​ribose (ammonium)

Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium (cADPR ammonium) is a potent second messenger for calcium mobilization that is synthesized from NAD+ by an ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium increases cytosolic calcium mainly by Ryanodine receptor-mediated release from endoplasmic reticulum and also by extracellular influx through the opening of TRPM2 channels[1][2][3].

[1]Galione A, et, al. Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates: modulation by cyclic ADP-ribose. Science. 1991 Sep 6;253(5024):1143-6.|[2]Lee HC, et, al. Structural determination of a cyclic metabolite of NAD+ with intracellular Ca2+-mobilizing activity. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jan 25;264(3):1608-15.|[3]Ribeiro JM, et, al. Specific cyclic ADP-ribose phosphohydrolase obtained by mutagenic engineering of Mn 2+-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol diphosphatase. Sci Rep. 2018 Jan 18;8(1):1036.|[4]Verderio C, et, al. Evidence of a role for cyclic ADP-ribose in calcium signalling and neurotransmitter release in cultured astrocytes. J Neurochem. 2001 Aug;78(3):646-57.|[5]Zhong J, et, al. Cyclic ADP-Ribose and Heat Regulate Oxytocin Release via CD38 and TRPM2 in the Hypothalamus during Social or Psychological Stress in Mice. Front Neurosci. 2016 Jul 22;10:304.