Gliotoxin

Gliotoxin is a secondary metabolite, the most abundant mycotoxin secreted by A. fumigatus, inhibits the phagocytosis of macrophages and the immune functions of other immune cells [1]. Gliotoxin inhibits inducible NF-κB activity by preventing IκB degradation, which consequently induces host-cell apoptosis[2]. Gliotoxin activates PKA and increases intracellular cAMP concentration; modulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangement to facilitate A. fumigatus internalization into lung epithelial cells[3]. Gliotoxin is a potent NOTCH2 transactivation inhibitor, can effectively induce apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells[4].

Product Specifications

CAS Number

[67-99-2]

Product Name Alternative

Aspergillin

UNSPSC

12352005

Hazard Statement

H301

Target

Antibiotic; Apoptosis; Bacterial; Fungal; NF-κB; PKA

Type

Natural Products

Related Pathways

Anti-infection; Apoptosis; NF-κB; Stem Cell/Wnt; TGF-beta/Smad

Applications

COVID-19-immunoregulation

Field of Research

Cancer; Infection; Inflammation/Immunology

Assay Protocol

https://www.medchemexpress.com/gliotoxin.html

Purity

99.51

Solubility

DMF : 5 mg/mL (ultrasonic; warming) |DMSO : 5 mg/mL (ultrasonic; warming)

Smiles

O=C1N([C@]2(C(N3[C@]1(CC4=CC=C[C@@H]([C@@]34[H])O)SS2)=O)CO)C

Molecular Formula

C13H14N2O4S2

Molecular Weight

326.39

Precautions

H301

References & Citations

[1]Schlam D, et al. Gliotoxin Suppresses Macrophage Immune Function by Subverting Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate Homeostasis. MBio. 2016 Apr 5;7 (2) :e02242.|[2]Coméra C, et al. Gliotoxin from Aspergillus fumigatus affects phagocytosis and the organization of the actin cytoskeleton by distinct signalling pathways in human neutrophils. Microbes Infect. 2007 Jan;9 (1) :47-54. Epub 2006 Dec 12.|[3]Zhang C, et al. Gliotoxin Induces Cofilin Phosphorylation to Promote Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics and Internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus Into Type II Human Pneumocyte Cells. Front Microbiol. 2019 Jun 18;10:1345.|[4]Hubmann R, et al. Gliotoxin is a potent NOTCH2 transactivation inhibitor and efficiently induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells. Br J Haematol. 2013 Mar;160 (5) :618-29.|[5]Sugui JA, et al. Gliotoxin is a virulence factor of Aspergillus fumigatus: gliP deletion attenuates virulence in mice immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone. Eukaryot Cell. 2007 Sep;6 (9) :1562-9.