Inosine

Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR) receptors[1][2][3].

[1]Filipe Marques Gonçalves, et al. Signaling pathways underlying the antidepressant-like effect of inosine in mice. Purinergic Signal. 2017 Jun; 13(2): 203-214.|[2]Ajith A. Welihinda, et al. The adenosine metabolite inosine is a functional agonist of the adenosine A2A receptor with a unique signaling bias. Cell Signal. 2016 Jun; 28(6): 552-560.|[3]Francisney Pinto Nascimento, et al. Adenosine A1 receptor-dependent antinociception induced by inosine in mice: pharmacological, genetic and biochemical aspects. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;51(3):1368-78.|[4]Sara Cipriani, et al. Protection by inosine in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience. 2014 Aug 22; 274: 242-249.|[5]Preitner F, et al. Urate-induced acute renal failure and chronic inflammation in liver-specific Glut9 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2013 Sep 1;305(5):F786-95.|[6]Tang DH, et al. Inosine induces acute hyperuricaemia in rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) as a potential disease animal model. Pharm Biol. 2021 Dec;59(1):175-182.|[7]Zhao H, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Fmb14 prevents purine induced hyperuricemia and alleviate renal fibrosis through gut-kidney axis. Pharmacol Res. 2022 Aug;182:106350.