Anti-CXCR4 (EL) Antibody

CXC-R4, CXCR-4, FB22, Fusin, HM89, LCR1, Leukocyte-derived seven transmembrane domain receptor, LESTR, Lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3, LAP-3, LPS-associated protein 3, NPYRL, Stromal cell-derived factor 1 receptor, SDF-1 receptor, CD antigen CD184

Cell membrane, Cell junction. Early endosome. Late endosome. Lysosome. Note=In unstimulated cells, diffuse pattern on plasma membrane. On agonist stimulation, colocalizes with ITCH at the plasma membrane where it becomes ubiquitinated. In the presence of antigen, distributes to the immunological synapse forming at the T-cell-APC contact area, where it localizes at the peripheral and distal supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC).

Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1 that transduces a signal by increasing intracellular calcium ion levels and enhancing MAPK1/MAPK3 activation (PubMed:10452968, PubMed:28978524, PubMed:18799424, PubMed:24912431). Involved in the AKT signaling cascade (PubMed:24912431). Plays a role in regulation of cell migration, e.g. during wound healing (PubMed:28978524). Acts as a receptor for extracellular ubiquitin; leading to enhanced intracellular calcium ions and reduced cellular cAMP levels (PubMed:20228059). Binds bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) et mediates LPS-induced inflammatory response, including TNF secretion by monocytes (PubMed:11276205). Involved in hematopoiesis and in cardiac ventricular septum formation. Also plays an essential role in vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract, probably by regulating vascular branching and/or remodeling processes in endothelial cells. Involved in cerebellar development. In the CNS, could mediate hippocampal-neuron survival (By similarity). {UniProtKB:P70658, PubMed:10074102, PubMed:10452968, PubMed:10644702, PubMed:10825158, PubMed:11276205, PubMed:17197449, PubMed:18799424, PubMed:20048153, PubMed:20228059, PubMed:20505072, PubMed:24912431, PubMed:28978524, PubMed:8752280, PubMed:8752281}.; (Microbial infection) Acts as a coreceptor (CD4 being the primary receptor) for human immunodeficiency virus-1/HIV-1 X4 isolates and as a primary receptor for some HIV-2 isolates. Promotes Env-mediated fusion of the virus (PubMed:8849450, PubMed:8929542, PubMed:9427609, PubMed:10074122, PubMed:10756055). {PubMed:10074122, PubMed:10756055, PubMed:8849450, PubMed:8929542, PubMed:9427609}.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and related viruses require coreceptors in addition to CD4 to infect target cells. Some G protein- coupled receptors in the chemokine receptor family, including CCR5, CXCR4, CCR3, CCR2b, and CCR8 in the chemokine receptor family, have been identified as HIV coreceptors. CXCR4 (also called Fusin, LESTR, HUMSTR) is a principal coreceptor for T-cell tropic strains of HIV-1. CXCR4 is also required for the infection by dual-tropic strains of HIV-1 and mediates CD4-independent infection by HIV-2. The alpha- chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for EXCR4 and prevents infection by T-cell tropic HIV-1. CXCR4 associates with the surface CD4-gp120 complex before HIV enters target cells. The amino- terminal domain and the second extracellular loop of CXCR4 serve as HIV binding sites. CXCR4 messenger RNA levels correlate with HIV-1 permissiveness in diverse human cell types. Antibodies to CXCR4 may block HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection of human target cells.