Trigonelline Chloride

Trigonelline is a pyridine alkaloid found in various edible seeds and legumes, including coffee. It is a zwitterion formed by the methylation of the nitrogen atom of niacin (vitamin B3; nicotinic acid) and, as a product of niacin metabolism, is excreted in urine of mammals. Trigonelline has been used to reduce blood glucose levels and to inhibit PPARγ expression in rat models of diabetes. Trigonelline protects diabetic pregnancy partly by suppressing inflammation, regulating the secretion of adipocytokines, increasing β-cell mass, replication, and decreasing β-cell apoptosis.