Cholera toxin

Cholera toxin (Choleragen), an AB(5)-subunit toxin, enters host cells by binding the ganglioside GM1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and travels retrograde through the trans-Golgi Network into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)[1]. Choleragen activates adenylate cyclase by catalyzing ADP-ribosylation of Gs alpha, the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein[2].

[1]Kellner A, et al. A binding motif for Hsp90 in the A chains of ADP-ribosylating toxins that move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Cell Microbiol. 2019;21(10):e13074.|[2]Tsai SC, et al. Stimulation of choleragen enzymatic activities by GTP and two soluble proteins purified from bovine brain. J Biol Chem. 1988;263(4):1768-1772.|[3]Wernick NL, et al. Cholera toxin: an intracellular journey into the cytosol by way of the endoplasmic reticulum. Toxins (Basel). 2010;2(3):310-325.