Microcystin-LY

Microcystin-LY, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa[2], acts as an activator of the Nrf2 pathway to induce oxidative stress response, and the induction effect is most obvious at 3μM.[1].

O=C(N[C@H]([C@@H](C(N[C@H](CCC(N(C1=C)C)=O)C(O)=O)=O)C)/C=C/C(C)=C/[C@H](C)[C@@H](OC)CC2=CC=CC=C2)[C@@H](NC([C@H]([C@@H](NC([C@@H](NC([C@H](NC1=O)C)=O)CC(C)C)=O)C(O)=O)C)=O)CC(C=C3)=CC=C3O

[1]Lundqvist J, et al. Microcystins activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human liver cells in vitro - Implications for an oxidative stress induction by microcystins. Toxicon. 2017 Feb;126:47-50.|[2]Stoner RD, et al. The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal potencies of the microcystins. Toxicon. 1989;27(7):825-8.