Propranolol

Propranolol is a non-selective antagonist of β-adrenergic receptors (βAR), with Ki values of 1.8 nM for β1AR and 0.8 nM for β2AR, effectively lowering cAMP levels and activating the MAPK pathway downstream of βARs. It is an effective treatment for infantile hemangiomas (IHs), where it induces antiproliferative and antisurvival effects on hemangioma stem cells (HemSCs) .