Phospho-Chk1 (Ser345) (Clone: R3F9) rabbit mAb SureLight488 conjugate

The act of DNA damaged response and cell cycle checkpoints requires the activation of four protein kinases that form the canonical ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways. ATR activation requires the generation of structures containing single strand DNA (ssDNA) adjacent to double strand DNA (dsDNA) . Such ssDNA is coated with replication protein A complex and attracts ATR (1,2) . The accumulation of ATR to damage sites results in initial activation of ATR. ATR phosphorylates proteins at the ssDNA which are called checkpoint regulators. The accumulation and phosphorylation of these checkpoint regulators further stimulates the catalytic activity of ATR. ATR-induced Chk1 phosphorylation likely occurs at the sites of DNA damage on chromatin (3-5) . The activated ATR phosphorylates Ser317 and Ser345 of phospho Chk1 in its C-terminal regulatory domain. Phospho Chk1 is critical for DNA damage checkpoint activation, replication control, and cell viability (6-8) . Functionally, ATR-mediated phosphorylation elevates Chk1 catalytic activity. The N-terminal catalytic domain of Chk1 adopts an open kinase conformation and the deletion of C-terminal domain increases Chk1 catalytic activity.