Anti-PADI4/PAD4 Antibody Picoband® Fluoro647 Conjugated

PADI4 (Peptidylarginine Deiminase, Type IV), also known as PAD or PAD4, is a human protein which in humans is encoded by the PADI4 gene. Peptidylarginine deiminases, such as PADI4, make up a family of posttranslational modification enzymes that convert arginine residues to citrulline residues in the presence of calcium ion (Nakashima et al., 1999) . Suzuki et al. (2003) found from sequence data that the PADI4 gene maps to 1p36. Cuthbert et al. (2004) described a process, deimination, that converts histone arginine to citrulline and antagonizes arginine methylation. They showed that PADI4 specifically deiminated arg2, arg8, arg17, and arg26 in the H3 tail. Deimination by PADI4 prevented arginine methylation by CARM1. Dimethylation of arginines prevented deimination by PADI4, although monomethylation still allowed deimination to take place. In vivo targeting experiments on an endogenous promoter demonstrated that PADI4 could repress hormone receptor-mediated gene induction. PADI4 was recruited to the pS2 promoter following hormone induction when the gene was transcriptionally downregulated, consistent with a repressive role for PADI4.

Amino Acid Metabolism, Amino Acids, Chromatin Modifying Enzymes, Epigenetics and Nuclear Signaling, Metabolic Signaling Pathways, Metabolism, Methylation, Pathways and Processes, Signal Transduction

Catalyzes the citrullination/deimination of arginine residues of proteins such as histones, thereby playing a key role in histone code and regulation of stem cell maintenance. Citrullinates histone H1 at 'Arg-54' (to form H1R54ci), histone H3 at 'Arg-2', 'Arg-8', 'Arg-17' and/or 'Arg-26' (to form H3R2ci, H3R8ci, H3R17ci, H3R26ci, respectively) and histone H4 at 'Arg-3' (to form H4R3ci) . Acts as a key regulator of stem cell maintenance by mediating citrullination of histone H1: citrullination of 'Arg- 54' of histone H1 (H1R54ci) results in H1 displacement from chromatin and global chromatin decondensation, thereby promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance. Promotes profound chromatin decondensation during the innate immune response to infection in neutrophils by mediating formation of H1R54ci. Citrullination of histone H3 prevents their methylation by CARM1 and HRMT1L2/PRMT1 and represses transcription. Citrullinates EP300/P300 at 'Arg-2142', which favors its interaction with NCOA2/GRIP1. .

1. Cuthbert, G. L., Daujat, S., Snowden, A. W., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Hagiwara, T., Yamada, M., Schneider, R., Gregory, P. D., Tempst, P., Bannister, A. J., Kouzarides, T. Histone deimination antagonizes arginine methylation. Cell 118: 545-553, 2004. 2. Nakashima, K., Hagiwara, T., Ishigami, A., Nagata, S., Asaga, H., Kuramoto, M., Senshu, T., Yamada, M. Molecular characterization of peptidylarginine deiminase in HL-60 cells induced by retinoic acid and 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) . J. Biol. Chem. 274: 27786-27792, 1999. 3. Suzuki, A., Yamada, R., Chang, X., Tokuhiro, S., Sawada, T., Suzuki, M., Nagasaki, M., Nakayama-Hamada, M., Kawaida, R., Ono, M., Ohtsuki, M., Furukawa, H., and 13 others. Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Genet. 34: 395-402, 2003.