Anti-Tlr4 Antibody Picoband®

Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene. This gene belongs to the evolutionarily-conserved Toll-like receptor family, whose members are type-1 transmembrane proteins that are involved in innate immunity. Toll-like receptors are characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain that functions in ligand recognition and an intracellular toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like domain that is crucial for signal transduction. The receptor encoded by this gene mediates the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, through synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, this protein can recognize other pathogens from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as viral components. Mice deficient in this gene display a number of immune response-related phenotypes including hyporesponsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and increased levels of respiratory syncytial virus compared to controls.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HIF-1-alpha; HIF1-alpha; ARNT-interacting protein; Basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS protein MOP1; Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 78; bHLHe78; PAS domain-containing protein 8; HIF1A; BHLHE78, MOP1

Expressed in most tissues with highest levels in kidney and heart. Overexpressed in the majority of common human cancers and their metastases, due to the presence of intratumoral hypoxia and as a result of mutations in genes encoding oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. A higher level expression seen in pituitary tumors as compared to the pituitary gland.

Cancer, Cell Type Markers, Growth Factors, Growth Factors/Hormones, Oncoproteins, Protein Phosphorylation, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Signal Transduction, Tags & Cell Markers, Tumor Associated, Tumor Biomarkers, Tumor Immunology, Tumor-Associated Antigens, Tyrosine Kinases

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters (By similarity) . Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBBP and EP300. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia.

1. Aderem, A., Ulevitch, R. J. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature 406: 782-787, 2000. 2. Andonegui, G., Bonder, C. S., Green, F., Mullaly, S. C., Zbytnuik, L., Raharjo, E., Kubes, P. Endothelium-derived Toll-like receptor-4 is the key molecule in LPS-induced neutrophil sequestration into lungs. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1011-1020, 2003. Note: Erratum: J. Clin. Invest. 112: 1264 only, 2003. 3. Andonegui, G., Zhou, H., Bullard, D., Kelly, M. M., Mullaly, S. C., McDonald, B., Long, E. M., Robbins, S. M., Kubes, P. Mice that exclusively express TLR4 on endothelial cells can efficiently clear a lethal systemic gram-negative bacterial infection. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 1921-1930, 2009.

At -20°C for one year from date of receipt. After reconstitution, at 4°C for one month. It can also be aliquotted and stored frozen at -20°C for six months. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.

Isoform 1: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Nucleus. Translocation to the nucleus requires endocytosis, probably endosomal sorting and is mediated by importin beta-1/KPNB1.