Anti-Synaptopodin/SYNPO Antibody Picoband® Fluoro647 Conjugated

The spine apparatus (SA) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines in central neurons. The SA consists of a series of stacked discs that are though to be connected to each other and to the dendritic system of ER-tubules. The actin binding protein synaptopodin (which has originally been described in podocytes of the kidney) is an essential component of the SA. Mice that lack the gene for synaptopodin do not form a spine apparatus. The SA is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory. In summary, an important function of the spine apparatus is the regulation of plasticity at individual synapses, a process known as metaplasticity. The International Radiation Hybrid Mapping Consortium mapped the SYNPO gene to chromosome 5.

A synthetic peptide corresponding to a sequence at the C-terminus of human Synaptopodin/SYNPO, which shares 100% and 94.3% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with mouse and rat Synaptopodin/SYNPO, respectively.

Wide tissue distribution (highest in the pancreas and very low in brain) . Closely associated with the basal layer of cells in epithelia and the endothelium of blood vessel walls.

Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC and AXIN1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. Contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glycogen synthesis. Regulates glycogen metabolism in liver, but not in muscle. May also mediate the development of insulin resistance by regulating activation of transcription factors. In Wnt signaling, regulates the level and transcriptional activity of nuclear CTNNB1/beta-catenin. Facilitates amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and the generation of APP-derived amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer disease. May be involved in the regulation of replication in pancreatic beta-cells. Is necessary for the establishment of neuronal polarity and axon outgrowth. Through phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1, may control cell apoptosis in response to growth factors deprivation. Acts as a regulator of autophagy by mediating phosphorylation of KAT5/TIP60 under starvation conditions, leading to activate KAT5/TIP60 acetyltransferase activity and promote acetylation of key autophagy regulators, such as ULK1 and RUBCNL/Pacer.

1. Cooney; Hurlburt, JL; Selig, DK; Harris, KM; Fiala, JC (2002) . Endosomal compartments serve multiple hippocampal dendritic spines from a widespread rather than a local store of recycling membrane. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 22 (6) : 2215–24. 2. Deller; Merten, T; Roth, SU; Mundel, P; Frotscher, M (2000) . Actin-associated protein synaptopodin in the rat hippocampal formation: localization in the spine neck and close association with the spine apparatus of principal neurons. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 418 (2) : 164–81 3. Gray (1959) . Electron microscopy of synaptic contacts on dendrite spines of the cerebral cortex. Nature 183 (4675) : 1592–3.