Anti-PKC theta/PRKCQ Antibody Picoband® Fluoro647 Conjugated

Protein kinase C theta (PKC-θ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKCQ gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. It is a calcium-independent and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. This kinase is important for T-cell activation. It is required for the activation of the transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, and may link the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling complex to the activation of the transcription factors.

Atherosclerosis, Cancer, Cardiovascular, Cholesterol Metabolism, Drug Metabolism, Heart Disease, Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, Lipids/Lipoproteins, Metabolic Signaling Pathways, Metabolism, Neuroscience, Neurotransmission, Pathways and Processes, Receptors / Channels, Signal Transduction

G-protein coupled receptor for endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs), including N-arachidonoylethanolamide (also called anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as phytocannabinoids, such as delta (9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (PubMed:15620723, PubMed:27768894, PubMed:27851727) . Mediates many cannabinoid-induced effects, acting, among others, on food intake, memory loss, gastrointestinal motility, catalepsy, ambulatory activity, anxiety, chronic pain. Signaling typically involves reduction in cyclic AMP (PubMed:1718258, PubMed:21895628, PubMed:27768894) . In the hypothalamus, may have a dual effect on mitochondrial respiration depending upon the agonist dose and possibly upon the cell type. Increases respiration at low doses, while decreases respiration at high doses. At high doses, CNR1 signal transduction involves G-protein alpha-i protein activation and subsequent inhibition of mitochondrial soluble adenylate cyclase, decrease in cyclic AMP concentration, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) -dependent phosphorylation of specific subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport system, including NDUFS2. In the hypothalamus, inhibits leptin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and mediates cannabinoid-induced increase in SREBF1 and FASN gene expression. In response to cannabinoids, drives the release of orexigenic beta-endorphin, but not that of melanocyte-stimulating hormone alpha/alpha-MSH, from hypothalamic POMC neurons, hence promoting food intake. In the hippocampus, regulates cellular respiration and energy production in response to cannabinoids. Involved in cannabinoid-dependent depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), a process in which depolarization of CA1 postsynaptic pyramidal neurons mobilizes eCBs, which retrogradely activate presynaptic CB1 receptors, transiently decreasing GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission. Also reduces excitatory synaptic transmission (By similarity) . In superior cervical ganglions and cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibits voltage-gated Ca (2+) channels in a constitutive, as well as agonist-dependent manner (PubMed:17895407) . In cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells, cannabinoid-induced inhibition of voltage-gated Ca (2+) channels leads to vasodilation and decreased vascular tone (By similarity) . Induces leptin production in adipocytes and reduces LRP2-mediated leptin clearance in the kidney, hence participating in hyperleptinemia. In adipose tissue, CNR1 signaling leads to increased expression of SREBF1, ACACA and FASN genes (By similarity) . In the liver, activation by endocannabinoids leads to increased de novo lipogenesis and reduced fatty acid catabolism, associated with increased expression of SREBF1/SREBP-1, GCK, ACACA, ACACB and FASN genes. May also affect de novo cholesterol synthesis and HDL-cholesteryl ether uptake. Peripherally modulates energy metabolism (By similarity) . In high carbohydrate diet- induced obesity, may decrease the expression of mitochondrial dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase/DLD in striated muscles, as well as that of selected glucose/ pyruvate metabolic enzymes, hence affecting energy expenditure through mitochondrial metabolism (By similarity) . In response to cannabinoid anandamide, elicits a proinflammatory response in macrophages, which involves NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL1B and IL18 secretion (By similarity) . In macrophages infiltrating pancreatic islets, this process may participate in the progression of type-2 diabetes and associated loss of pancreatic beta-cells (PubMed:23955712) .

1. Baier, G., Telford, D., Giampa, L., Coggeshall, K. M., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Isakov, N., Altman, A. Molecular cloning and characterization of PKC-theta, a novel member of the protein (PKC) gene family expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 4997-5004, 1993. 2. Belguise, K., Sonenshein, G. E. PKC-theta promotes c-Rel-driven mammary tumorigenesis in mice and humans by repressing estrogen receptor-alpha synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 117: 4009-4021, 2007. 3. Blanco, G., Brown, S. D. M. Genetic mapping of protein kinase C theta (Pkcq) to mouse chromosome 2. Mammalian Genome 8: 70-71, 1997.