Akt (pan) (Phospho Ser473) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody

Cell localization:Cytoplasm . Nucleus . Cell membrane . Nucleus after activation by integrin-linked protein kinase 1 (ILK1) . Nuclear translocation is enhanced by interaction with TCL1A. Phosphorylation on Tyr-176 by TNK2 resμLts in its localization to the cell membrane where it is targeted for further phosphorylations on Thr-308 and Ser-473 leading to its activation and the activated form translocates to the nucleus. Colocalizes with WDFY2 in intracellμLar vesicles (PubMed:16792529) . ..AKT1 gene encodes one of the three members of the human AKT serine-threonine protein kinase family which are often referred to as protein kinase B alpha, beta, and gamma. These highly similar AKT proteins all have an N-terminal pleckstrin homology domain, a serine/threonine-specific kinase domain and a C-terminal regμLatory domain. These proteins are phosphorylated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) . AKT/PI3K forms a key component of many signalling pathways that involve the binding of membrane-bound ligands such as receptor tyrosine kinases, G-protein coupled receptors, and integrin-linked kinase. These AKT proteins therefore regμLate a wide variety of cellμLar functions including cell proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis in both normal and malignant cells. AKT proteins are recruited to the cell membrane by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) after phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by PI3K. Subsequent phosphorylation of both threonine residue 308 and serine residue 473 is required for fμLl activation of the AKT1 protein encoded by this gene. Phosphorylation of additional residues also occurs, for example, in response to insμLin growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor. Protein phosphatases act as negative regμLators of AKT proteins by dephosphorylating AKT or PIP3. The PI3K/AKT signalling pathway is crucial for tumor cell survival. Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating AKT1 which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. AKT proteins also participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway which controls the assembly of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4E) complex and this pathway, in addition to responding to extracellμLar signals from growth factors and cytokines, is disregμLated in many cancers. Mutations in this gene are associated with mμLtiple types of cancer and excessive tissue growth including Proteus syndrome and Cowden syndrome 6, and breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancers. MμLtiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, JμL 2020] AKT2 gene is a putative oncogene encoding a protein belonging to a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases containing SH2-like (Src homology 2-like) domains, which is involved in signaling pathways. The gene serves as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis of cancer cells For example, its overexpression contributes to the malignant phenotype of a subset of human ductal pancreatic cancers. The encoded protein is a general protein kinase capable of phophorylating several known proteins, and has also been implicated in insμLin signaling. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2019] The protein encoded by AKT3 is a member of the AKT, also called PKB, serine/threonine protein kinase family. AKT kinases are known to be regμLators of cell signaling in response to insμLin and growth factors. They are involved in a wide variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, as well as glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake. This kinase has been shown to be stimμLated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), insμLin, and insμLin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) . Alternatively splice transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described. [provided by RefSeq, JμL 2008]