Bovine CTLA-4 ELISA

CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), also known as CD152, is a protein receptor that, functioning as an immune checkpoint, downregulates immune responses. It is a member of the Ig gene superfamily and along with its homologue, CD28, is a B7 binding protein. CTLA4 is constitutively expressed in regulatory T cells but only upregulated in conventional T cells after activation. It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, celiac disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroid-associated orbitopathy, and other autoimmune diseases. Alternatively spliced mRNA generates a soluble form, called sCTLA-4. Whereas low levels of sCTLA-4 are detected in normal human serum, increased/high serum levels are observed in several autoimmune diseases.

Bison bison bison (American buffalo), Bos grunniens (domestic yak), Bos indicus (zebu), Bos mutus (wild yak), Bos taurus (cattle), Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo), Bubalus carabanensis (carabao)