Lipopolysaccharides, from Proteus vulgaris

Lipopolysaccharides, from Proteus vulgaris, are endotoxins sourced from the bacterium Proteus vulgaris, functioning as TLR-4 activators and representing S-type LPS. They play a role in activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and stimulate cells to secrete migration-inducing agents. This lipopolysaccharide displays a characteristic three-part structure: O antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Furthermore, it has a unique molecular configuration and a chitosan affinity (Kb=2.72 μM), which is superior to that of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Kb=6.06 μM) and Escherichia coli (Kb=79.50 μM) .