Semapimod

Semapimod is a small molecule that potently inhibits TLR4 signaling (IC50 ~0.3 μM) and suppresses proinflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and nitric oxide. Its mechanism, involving p38 MAPK inhibition, supports its research application in models of sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease both in vitro and in vivo.