Glucosamine

Glucosamine is commonly used as a treatment for osteoarthritis, although its acceptance as a medical therapy varies. It is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. (In Vitro) :Glucosamine (D-Glucosamine) exhibits dose-dependent DPPH antioxidant activity.Glucosamine treatment of Short-term (4 h) inhibits HIF-1α at the protein level, decreases phosphorylation of p70S6K and S6, translation-related proteins.Glucosamine significantly decreases renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin in the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells.