Astaxanthin

Astaxanthin is a natural dietary component. Natural astaxanthin is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA (In Vitro) :Astaxanthin (50, 100, 150, 200 μM; 48 h) inhibits the proliferation of DU145 cells (IC50<200 μM) .Astaxanthin (200 μM; 24 h) reduces the expression of STAT3 and the related pathway proteins (at both protein and mRNA levels) by inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and weakening migration and invasionAstaxanthin protects RPE cells from abnormal activation and oxidative stress (induced by high glucose) by down-regulating VEGF in high glucose at protein levels.Astaxanthin (1-50 μM; 72 h) upregulates protein expression of PPARγ in time- and dose-dependent manners in K562 cells. (In Vivo) :Astaxanthin (200 mg/kg; intragastric administration; once daily for 3 weeks) inhibits the growth of DU145 tumor xenografts in nude mice.Astaxanthin (125 or 500 mg/kg; in animal feedings; 7 days) provides significant cardioprotection and reduces oxidative stress in rats.