Metformin

Metformin is an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose.Metformin is a first-line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is often prescribed in combination with other drugs to control a patient's blood glucose level and achieve their HbA1c goal. (In Vitro) :Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits proliferation of ESCs in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 is 2.45 mM for A-ESCs and 7.87 mM for N-ESCs. Metformin shows pronounced effects on activation of AMPK signaling in A-ESCs from secretory phase than in cells from proliferative phase.Metformin (0-500 μM) decreases glycogen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 196.5 μM in cultured rat hepatocytes.Metformin shows cell viability and cytotoxic effects on PC-3 cells with IC50 of 5 mM. (In Vivo) :Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) alone, and metformin (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) with isoproterenol groups attenuates myocyte necrosis through histopathological analysis.Metformin (> 900 mg/kg/day, p.o.) results in moribundity/mortality and clinical signs of toxicity in Crl:CD (SD) rats.