(Arg) 9 TFA

(Arg) 9 TFA (Nona-L-arginine TFA), a cell-penetrating peptide, exhibits neuroprotective activity with an IC50 of 0.78 μM in the glutamic acid model.Poly-arginine (e.g. (Arg) 9) and arginine-rich peptides (e.g. TAT, penetratin), which belong to a class of peptides with cell-penetrating properties are neuroprotective. (Arg) 9 provides significant neuroprotection in a dose–response manner following glutamic acid exposure (IC50=0.78 μM) . Following kainic acid exposure, (Arg) 9 is neuroprotective, but less effective than in the glutamic acid model (IC50=0.81 μM) . (Arg) 9 also shows neuroprotection following in vitro ischemia (IC50=6 μM) . (Arg) 9) (D-isoform) is neuroprotective in rat stroke models. (Arg) 9) is highly neuroprotective, with efficacy increasing with increasing arginine content, has the capacity to reduce glutamic acid-induced neuronal calcium influx and requires heparan sulfate preotoglycan-mediated endocytosis to induce a neuroprotective effect. (Arg) 9) (D-isoform) administered intravenously at a dose of 1000 nmol/kg 30 min after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reduces infarct volume.