Anti-TLR4 Antibody Picoband®, APC Conjugate

TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR4 gene. TLR 4 is a toll-like receptor. TLR4, the human homolog of Drosophila Toll, is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain consisting of a leucine-rich repeat region and an intracellular domain homologous to that of human interleukin-1 receptor. The TLR4 gene is mapped to chromosome 9q32-q33 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.It detects lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria and is thus important in the activation of the innate immune system.The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Toll-like receptor(TLR) family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are highly conserved from Drosophila to humans and share structural and functional similarities. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents, and mediate the production of cytokines necessary for the development of effective immunity.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HIF-1-alpha; HIF1-alpha; ARNT-interacting protein; Basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS protein MOP1; Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 78; bHLHe78; PAS domain-containing protein 8; HIF1A; BHLHE78, MOP1

Expressed in most tissues with highest levels in kidney and heart. Overexpressed in the majority of common human cancers and their metastases, due to the presence of intratumoral hypoxia and as a result of mutations in genes encoding oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. A higher level expression seen in pituitary tumors as compared to the pituitary gland.

Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequence 5'-TACGTG-3' within the hypoxia response element (HRE) of target gene promoters (By similarity). Activation requires recruitment of transcriptional coactivators such as CREBBP and EP300. Activity is enhanced by interaction with both, NCOA1 or NCOA2. Interaction with redox regulatory protein APEX seems to activate CTAD and potentiates activation by NCOA1 and CREBBP. Involved in the axonal distribution and transport of mitochondria in neurons during hypoxia.

1. Medzhitov, R., Preston-Hurlburt, P., Janeway, C. A., Jr.A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity.Nature 388: 394-397, 1997. 2. Park, B. S., Song, D. H., Kim, H. M., Choi, B.-S., Lee, H., Lee, J.-O.The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex.Nature 458: 1191-1195, 2009. 3. Rock, F. L., Hardiman, G., Timans, J. C., Kastelein, R. A., Bazan, J. F.A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll.Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95: 588-593, 1998.

At -20℃ for one year from date of receipt. After reconstitution, at 4℃ for one month. It can also be aliquotted and stored frozen at -20℃ for six months. Avoid repeated freezing and thawing.

Isoform 1: Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Cytoplasm, perinuclear region. Nucleus. Translocation to the nucleus requires endocytosis, probably endosomal sorting and is mediated by importin beta-1/KPNB1.