Brefeldin A

Brefeldin A (BFA) is a lactone antibiotic and a specific inhibitor of protein trafficking. Brefeldin A blocks the transport of secreted and membrane proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus[1][2]. Brefeldin A is also an autophagy and mitophagy inhibitor[3]. Brefeldin A is a CRISPR/Cas9 activator[5]. Brefeldin A inhibits HSV-1 and has anti-cancer activity[5].

[1]Alvarez C, et al. Brefeldin A (BFA) disrupts the organization of the microtubule and the actin cytoskeletons. Eur J Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;78(1):1-14.|[2]Colanzi A, et al. Molecular mechanism and functional role of brefeldin A-mediated ADP-ribosylation of CtBP1/BARS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jun 11;110(24):9794-9.|[3]Tseng CN, et al. Brefeldin A reduces anchorage-independent survival, cancer stem cell potential and migration of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Molecules. 2014 Oct 29;19(11):17464-77.|[4]Wang J, et al. Erythroleukemia cells acquire an alternative mitophagy capability. Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 19;6:24641.|[5]Yu C, et al. Small molecules enhance CRISPR genome editing in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2015 Feb 5;16(2):142-7.|[6]Nozawa N, et al. Subcellular localization of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL51 protein and role of palmitoylation in Golgi apparatus targeting. J Virol. 2003 Mar;77(5):3204-16.|[7]Jensen HL, Rygaard J, Norrild B. A time-related study of Brefeldin A effects in HSV-1 infected cultured human fibroblasts. APMIS. 1995;103(7-8):530-539. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01402.x