MB21D1 Recombinant Protein

Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from ATP and GTP (PubMed:23258413, PubMed:23647843, PubMed:23722158, PubMed:26829768, PubMed:28214358) . Catalysis involves both the formation of a 2',5' phosphodiester linkage at the GpA step and the formation of a 3',5' phosphodiester linkage at the ApG step, producing c[G (2',5') pA (3',5') p] (PubMed:23258413, PubMed:23647843, PubMed:23722158, PubMed:26829768, PubMed:28214358) . Acts as a key cytosolic DNA sensor, the presence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm being a danger signal that triggers the immune responses (PubMed:23722158, PubMed:28363908, PubMed:28314590) . Binds cytosolic DNA directly, leading to activation and synthesis of cGAMP, a second messenger that binds to and activates TMEM173/STING, thereby triggering type-I interferon production (PubMed:23722158, PubMed:28363908, PubMed:28314590) . Has antiviral activity by sensing the presence of dsDNA from DNA viruses in the cytoplasm (PubMed:23258413, PubMed:23647843, PubMed:23722158) . Also acts as an innate immune sensor of infection by retroviruses by detecting the presence of reverse-transcribed DNA in the cytosol (PubMed:23929945) . Detection of retroviral reverse-transcribed DNA in the cytosol may be indirect and be mediated via interaction with PQBP1, which directly binds reverse-transcribed retroviral DNA (By similarity) . Also detects the presence of DNA from bacteria (By similarity) . cGAMP can be transferred from producing cells to neighboring cells through gap junctions, leading to promote TMEM173/STING activation and convey immune response to connecting cells (PubMed:24077100) . cGAMP can also be transferred between cells by virtue of packaging within viral particles contributing to IFN-induction in newly infected cells in a cGAS-independent but TMEM173/STING-dependent manner (PubMed:26229117) . In addition to antiviral activity, also involved in the response to cellular stresses, such as senescence, DNA damage or genome instability (PubMed:28738408, PubMed:28759028) . Acts as a regulator of cellular senescence by binding to cytosolic chromatin fragments that are present in senescent cells, leading to trigger type-I interferon production via TMEM173/STING and promote cellular senescence (PubMed:28759028) . Also involved in the inflammatory response to genome instability and double-stranded DNA breaks: acts by localizing to micronuclei arising from genome instability (PubMed:28738408) . Micronuclei, which as frequently found in cancer cells, consist of chromatin surrounded by its own nuclear membrane: following breakdown of the micronuclear envelope, a process associated with chromothripsis, CGAS binds self-DNA exposed to the cytosol, leading to cGAMP synthesis and subsequent activation of TMEM173/STING and type-I interferon production (PubMed:28738408) .

Reconstitution & Storage Instructions Western Blotting/Immunoblotting (WB/IB) Protocol Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Protocol Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) Protocol Blocking Peptide Competition Protocol (BPCP) Immunoprecipitation (IP) Protocol Antibody Array (AA) Protocol Reconstitution & Storage Instructions Reconstitution & Storage Instructions Western Blotting/Immunoblotting (WB/IB) Protocol Western Blotting/Immunoblotting (WB/IB) Protocol Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Protocol Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Protocol Immunocytochemistry (ICC) Protocol Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) Protocol Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) Protocol Blocking Peptide Competition Protocol (BPCP) Blocking Peptide Competition Protocol (BPCP) Immunoprecipitation (IP) Protocol Immunoprecipitation (IP) Protocol Antibody Array (AA) Protocol Antibody Array (AA) Protocol