Emestrin

Emestrin, a mycotoxin originally isolated from *E. striata*, exhibits antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities. It is effective against fungi *C. albicans* and *C. neoformans*, and bacteria *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, and methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg/ml, respectively) . Emestrin acts as a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes) . At 0.1 μg/ml, it induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells and causes necrosis in heart, thymus, and liver tissues in mice at doses of 18-30 mg/kg.