Ciclopirox

Ciclopirox is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antifungal agent with additional antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Ciclopirox exerts its action by binding to and chelating trivalent cations, such as Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺, thereby inhibiting the availability of essential co-factors for enzymes. In addition, ciclopirox exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase (COX). Ciclopirox also increases the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-1β.