Metformin
Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) inhibits the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the liver, leading to AMPK activation and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and can be used in the study of type 2 diabetes. Metformin also inhibits liver oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis caused by liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, metformin regulates the expression of autophagy-related proteins by activating AMPK and inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway, thereby inducing tumor cell autophagy and inhibiting the growth of renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo[1][2][3][4][5][6][7].
Product Specifications
CAS Number
[657-24-9]
Product Name Alternative
1,1-Dimethylbiguanide
UNSPSC
12352211
Hazard Statement
H302, H315, H319, H335
Target
AMPK; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Mitophagy; mTOR
Type
Reference compound
Related Pathways
Apoptosis; Autophagy; Epigenetics; PI3K/Akt/mTOR
Applications
COVID-19-immunoregulation
Field of Research
Cancer; Cardiovascular Disease; Infection; Inflammation/Immunology; Metabolic Disease; Neurological Disease
Assay Protocol
https://www.medchemexpress.com/metformin.html
Purity
99.98
Solubility
DMSO : 25 mg/mL (ultrasonic; warming; heat to 60°C) |H2O : 50 mg/mL (ultrasonic)
Smiles
NC(NC(N(C)C)=N)=N
Molecular Formula
C4H11N5
Molecular Weight
129.17
Precautions
H302, H315, H319, H335
References & Citations
[1]Soraya H, et al. Acute treatment with metformin improves cardiac function following isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2012;64 (6) :1476-84.|[2]Quaile MP, et al. Toxicity and toxicokinetics of metformin in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2010 Mar 15;243 (3) :340-7.|[3]Xue J, et al. Metformin inhibits growth of eutopic stromal cells from adenomyotic endometrium via AMPK activation and subsequent inhibition of AKT phosphorylation: a possible role in the treatment of adenomyosis. Reproduction. 2013 Aug 21;146 (4) :397-406.|[4]Otto M, et al. Metformin inhibits glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003 May;5 (3) :189-94.|[5]Avci CB, et al. Therapeutic potential of an anti-diabetic drug, metformin: alteration of miRNA expression in prostate cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14 (2) :765-8.|[6]Abdel-Zaher AO, et al. Novel mechanistic insights of the potential role of gasotransmitters and autophagy in the protective effect of metformin against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 Feb 6.|[7]Liu J, et al. Metformin inhibits renal cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo xenograft. Urol Oncol. 2013 Feb;31 (2) :264-70.
Shipping Conditions
Blue Ice
Storage Conditions
-20°C (Powder, protect from light, stored under nitrogen)
Scientific Category
Reference compound1
Clinical Information
Launched
Isoform
AMPK
Citation 01
Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Sep 19.|Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Jun;43 (6) :1360-1371.|Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2024 Jun 1;326 (6) :C1590-C1603.|Ann Transl Med. 2021 Oct;9 (20) :1547.|Antioxidants. 2020 Oct 28;9 (11) :1057.|Aquaculture. 2024 Dec 15.|Arch Biochem Biophys. 2022 Jun 15;722:109216.|Autophagy. 2025 Nov 30:1-21.|Biochem Bioph Res Co. 2020 Dec 17;533 (4) :665-671.|Biochem Cell Biol. 2023 Dec 1;101 (6) :523-530.|Biochem Pharmacol. 2023 Sep:215:115636.|Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2025 May 12:159628.|Biofactors. 2023 Jul-Aug;49 (4) :831-848.|Biomaterials. 2025 Aug:319:123210.|Biomedicines. 2024 Nov 4;12 (11) :2526.|Biomolecules. 2022 Mar 9;12 (3) :422.|Biomolecules. 2025 Apr 9;15 (4) :556.|bioRxiv. 2023 May 12.|bioRxiv. 2025 Aug 25:2025.08.21.671520.|bioRxiv. 2025 March 21.|bioRxiv. 2025 May 05.|Bone. 2025 Jan 28:193:117411.|Brain Behav Immun. 2024 Jun 6:S0889-1591 (24) 00445-8.|Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2025 Jun;211 (2) :467-478.|Cancer Cell Int. 2024 Feb 14;24 (1) :74.|Cancer Lett. 2022 Apr 28:532:215582.|Cancer Lett. 2024 Apr 10:587:216732.|Cancer Lett. 2024 Aug 21:217177.|Cancer Rep (Hoboken) . 2025 Jul;8 (7) :e70245.|Cell Biochem Biophys. 2025 Apr 4.|Cell Commun Signal. 2023 May 4;21 (1) :99.|Cell Death Differ. 2023 Jul;30 (7) :1829-1848.|Cell Death Dis. 2022 Apr 20;13 (4) :384.|Cell Mol Life Sci. 2023 Sep 9;80 (10) :283.|Cell Regen. 2022 May 5;11 (1) :19.|Cell Rep Med. 2025 Jul 15;6 (7) :102211.|Cell Rep. 2022 Nov 22;41 (8) :111707.|Cell Res. 2023 Dec;33 (12) :904-922.|Cell Signal. 2024 Jun:118:111125.|Chin Med. 2025 Nov 17;20 (1) :190.|Circulation. 2023 Jan 10;147 (2) :158-174.|Clinical Cancer Drugs. 2020 Apr.|Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025 Jul 3;47 (7) :515.|Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022 Dec;11 (1) :815-828.|Environ Toxicol. 2021 Dec;36 (12) :2414-2425.|Environ Toxicol. 2024 Apr;39 (4) :2452-2465.|Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Mar 15:943:175569.|Eur J Pharmacol. 2023 Oct 5:956:175942.|Food Res Int. 2025 Jun:211:116502.|Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Sep:237:503-514.|Front Immunol. 2016 Dec 12:7:597.|Front Oncol. 2021 Nov 22;11:762523.|Genes (Basel) . 2022 Dec 16;13 (12) :2384.|Genes Dis. 2025 Sep 10.|Hum Reprod. 2020 May 1;35 (5) :1145-1158.|Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Sep 15;124 (Pt A) :110905.|Int Immunopharmacol. 2025 May 20:159:114897.|Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Aug 21;323 (Pt 1) :147047.|Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 25;24 (1) :343.|Int J Morphol. 40 (5) :1152-1164, 2022.|iScience. 2025 Apr 3;28 (5) :112344.|J Adv Res. 2024 Apr 14:S2090-1232 (24) 00155-3.|J Adv Res. 2025 Mar 10:S2090-1232 (25) 00174-2.|J Cell Physiol. 2025 Nov;240 (11) :e70110.|J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2024 Dec 28:1252:124446.|J Drug Target. 2025 Jul 17:1-10.|J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 Feb 28:357:120941.|J Food Meas Charact. 2025 Sep 1.|J Inflamm (Lond) . 2024 Jul 9;21 (1) :25.|J Inflamm Res. 2025 Mar 19:18:4087-4101.|J Med Chem. 2022 Sep 8;65 (17) :11818-11839.|J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Oct 14;23 (1) :670.|J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2025 Aug 19:nlaf092.|J Orthop Surg Res. 2023 Nov 4;18 (1) :831.|J Virol. 2025 Aug 29:e0052925.|Liver Int. 2023 Jul;43 (7) :1577-1592.|Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024 Mar 1:582:112140.|Mol Med Rep. 2023 Jan;27 (1) :17.|Mol Reprod Dev. 2024 Aug;91 (8) :e23768.|Nat Commun. 2021 Aug 24;12 (1) :5106.|Nature. 2025 Feb;638 (8052) :1112-1121.|Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025 Mar 4.|Neuroscience. 2025 Jan 26:565:91-98.|Onco Targets Ther. 2020 May 19;13:4445-4455.|Oncol Lett. 2021 Jan;21 (1) :31.|Oral Dis. 2025 Feb;31 (2) :468-481.|Phytomedicine. 2024 Apr 24:129:155679.|Phytomedicine. 2025 Nov 27:150:157628.|PLoS Biol. 2025 Nov 24;23 (11) :e3003490.|PLoS One. 2023 May 18;18 (5) :e0283943.|PLoS Pathog. 2023 Feb 3;19 (2) :e1011126.|PLoS Pathog. 2024 Jun 21;20 (6) :e1012305.|Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2025 Nov 26.|Protein Cell. 2022 Nov;13 (11) :825-841.|Res Sq. 2024 Jul 12.|Res Sq. 2025 Jul 13.|Research Square Preprint. 2020 Dec.|Research Square Print. 2022 Aug.|Research Square Print. November 29th, 2022.|Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2025 Sep 4.|Rheumatology (Oxford) . 2023 Apr 3;62 (4) :1652-1661.|Sci Adv. 2025 May 16;11 (20) :eadq3870.|Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 26;15 (1) :27294.|Sci Total Environ. 2024 Feb 20:912:169496.|Small Methods. 2020, 2000483.|SSRN. 2023 Feb 27.|SSRN. 2024 May 30.|SSRN. 2025 Jan 31.|SSRN. 2025 Jul 8.|SSRN. 2025 Oct 14.|Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Apr 18;16 (1) :186.|Stem Cell Res Ther. 2025 Jan 23;16 (1) :20.|Stem Cells Dev. 2021 Oct 15;30 (20) :1017-1027.|University of Otago. 2025 Oct 7.|Virus Genes. 2022 Apr;58 (2) :133-142.|Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) . 2021 Mar 2;53 (3) :333-341.|Adv Mater. 2020 Nov;32 (45) :e2003708.|Andrology. 2020 May;8 (3) :663-670.|Arch Toxicol. 2019 Jun;93 (6) :1697-1712. |Biochem Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15:138:49-60.|Biomaterials. 2021 Jul:274:120850.|Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Jul:115:108875.|Biomed Pharmacother. 2024 Sep 6:179:117399.|bioRxiv. 2025 Aug 26.|bioRxiv. 2025 March 25.|bioRxiv. 2025 May 31.|Bone Res. 2023 Aug 16;11 (1) :45.|Brain Res Bull. 2020 Nov;164:146-156.|Cancer Cell. 2020 Sep 14;38 (3) :350-365.e7.|Cancers (Basel) . 2021 Aug 6;13 (16) :3978.|Cancers (Basel) . 2022 Mar 17;14 (6) :1538.|Cell Death Dis. 2021 Oct 2;12 (10) :902.|Cell Death Dis. 2021 Oct 9;12 (10) :925.|Cell Metab. 2023 Jan 3;35 (1) :101-117.e11.|Cell Metab. 2023 Jul 11;35 (7) :1132-1146.e9.|Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;44 (4) :1381-1395.|Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;51 (4) :1566-1583.|Cell Rep. 2019 Oct. |Cell Stem Cell. 2024 Jan 4;31 (1) :52-70.e8.|Chin Med J (Engl) . 2025 Jun 16.|Dissolut Technol. 2020, 27 (1) :36-44.|EMBO Rep. 2022 Jun 7;23 (6) :e54147.|Endocrinology. 2018 May 1;159 (5) :2008-2021.|Eur J Oral Sci. 2025 Jan 8:e13034.|Eur J Pharmacol. 2025 Sep 15:1003:177900.|Exp Mol Med. 2019 May 22;51 (5) :1-14.|Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022 Mar 17;10:826093.|Front Pharmacol. 2016 Oct 20:7:390.|Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jul 31;11:1038.|iScience. 2023 Jan 25;26 (4) :106057.|J Biol Chem. 2020 Apr 3;295 (14) :4451-4463. |J Cell Mol Med. 2017 Dec;21 (12) :3322-3336.|J Cell Mol Med. 2019 Sep;23 (9) :6048-6059.|J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Jan 29;19 (1) :25.|Life Sci. 2019 Sep 1:232:116622.|Mech Ageing Dev. 2020 Oct;191:111347.|Mol Cell Proteomics. 2017 Jul;16 (7) :1324-1334.|Mol Neurobiol. 2017 Jul;54 (5) :3327-3341.|Mol Oncol. 2017 Aug;11 (8) :1035-1049.|Mol Oncol. 2017 Oct;11 (10) :1475-1492. |Nat Commun. 2025 Nov 28;16 (1) :10751.|Nat Commun. 2019 Feb 6;10 (1) :620.|Nat Metab. 2025 Apr;7 (4) :730-741.|Nature. 2023 Sep;621 (7977) :188-195.|Neuropharmacology. 2020 Mar 15;165:107816.|Onco Targets Ther. 2020 May 4;13:3777-3788. |Patent. US20210128693A1.|Patent. US20240358802A1|Patent. US20240358802A1.|Pathogens. 2021 Mar 2;10 (3) :283.|Pharmaceuticals (Basel) . 2024 Sep 19;17 (9) :1234.|Phytother Res. 2024 May 10.|Redox Biol. 2023 Aug:64:102786.|Research Square Preprint. 2022 Jan.|Research Square Preprint. 2023 Jul 24.|Sci Rep. 2025 Apr 2;15 (1) :11309.|Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 May 20;5 (1) :56.|Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023 Mar 6;8 (1) :95.|Spine. 2019 Aug 1;44 (15) :E865-E872.|Transl Stroke Res. 2023 Jun;14 (3) :364-382.|Virus Res. 2023 Aug:333:199139.
Available Sizes
Curated Selection
Explore Other Products
Discover premium biology products from our extensive collection of 20M+ items
